Disclaimer This report is intended for  CoinSutra VIP users . This research report is based on the current market conditions and should not be treated as direct financial advice. Investing in crypto-assets has risk due to high volatility, so invest only that amount which you are ok to lose. We are not a financial advisor, and this is not a financial advice. #DYOR



The blockchain industry has come a long way in the last decade. With so many networks and applications at our disposal, this technology would disrupt several existing industries.



But as of now, there is a bottleneck. All the networks and applications in themselves are isolated from each other. Let’s take Uniswap as an Example.



Uniswap is a Decentralised Exchange (DEX) built on the Ethereum blockchain network. You can use this exchange to swap crypto tokens. But there is a problem that it’s built on the Ethereum network, and you can only swap Ethereum-based tokens. Non-Ethereum tokens need to be listed in a Synthetic or Derivative form, also known as Wrapped Tokens. So, platforms like Uniswap lack cross-chain functionality.



Now let’s take Binance as an example which provides users with a complete cross-chain experience. On Binance, you can very easily swap ETH with BTC . Both of these tokens pertain to different networks. But the biggest problem with Binance is that it is centralized and custodial. This is against the core values of the blockchain industry.



The majority of crypto transactions are still being processed through centralized exchanges such as Binance , Coinbase, FTX, etc. It is not a secret that these exchanges have full custody of your funds, and in case there is a hack on the exchange, you may lose all your funds. Further, with these exchanges handling such an enormous amount of trading volume, they would become the future banks of the industry with so much centralized power.



Therefore, there was a need for a solution. The ideal blockchain ecosystem is entirely decentralized and cross-chain. This means that no single platform or network would dominate the industry. Further, all the applications and assets are interoperable with each other.



Thorchain is a project that tries to do that. So let’s find out what this project is all about.



What is Thorchain?



For a layman, Thorchain can be described as a Cross-Chain Uniswap . But there is a lot more to it.



Thorchain is a Layer 1 blockchain network built with Cosmos SDK (Software Development Kit). Because of this, Thorchain is a network that is interoperable with other blockchain networks. Thorchain has a cross-chain liquidity model built on this network that allows you to:



Swap crypto assets even if two assets pertain to different blockchain networks. For example, swapping ETH (Ethereum Network) with BTC (Bitcoin Network). Further, this swap is done in a decentralized and non-custodial manner.



Earn passive income on your crypto assets by depositing them into Thorchain Liquidity Protocol.



Currently Supports the following assets as of April 2022:



Bitcoin Ethereum Binance Coin Litecoin Dogecoin Bitcoin Cash LUNA (Terra) UST (TerraUST)



Who are the Founders of Thorchain?



Thorchain was and is being built by an anonymous team of developers. Therefore, we don’t have the background details of any lead member.







Thorchain is more like a community project with no control or command structure. You can read more about this here .



Now let’s understand the possible use cases of the Thorchain Protocol. 



What are the Use Cases of Thorchain?



The use cases of the Thorchain network are as follows:



1. Thorswap



Thorswap is a multi-chain DEX ( Decentralised Exchange ) built on the Thorchain network. It uses Thorchain’s Liquidity Protocol, where you can either swap tokens or provide liquidity.



Thorchain – Thorswap



For more information on this, you can read our Beginner’s Guide for Liquidity Pools .



2. Thorchain Name Service



Thorchain Name Service



Thorchain name service is a Domain Name Service similar to Ethereum Name Service. You can register a multichain domain name with Thorchain, which you can further use for sending and receiving funds. If a receiver has a Thorchain domain name, the sender would simply add the domain name in the transaction interface instead of a complicated wallet address.



This simplifies the process of sending and receiving crypto funds.



You can explore Thornames here .



3. Thorchain Synthetics



Thorchain Synthetics are a derivative version of  Layer 1 crypto assets. For example, ETH is a cryptocurrency native to the Ethereum Network. sETH is a synthetic crypto-token issued on the Thorchain network which would mimic the value of ETH. The benefit of a synthetic asset is that you can trade sETH on Thorchain without paying a high gas fee of the Ethereum Network. Further, the transaction time would also be significantly less.



In the case of synthetics issued by Thorchain, assets are backed up by 50% of the asset whose synthetic version is created and 50% of RUNE tokens.



Projects like Synthetix and Mirror Protocol already provide similar synthetic tokens. You can read more about Mirror Protocol here . 



Further, you can read more about Thorchain Synthetic Assets here .



4. Digital Collectibles



Thorchain – Non Fungible Tokens (NFT)



Like any other Layer 1 blockchain network, Non-Fungible Tokens can be created on Thorchain. Currently, there are several collections generated on the network, such as Thorchain Collectibles, THORGuards, PixelTHOR, ThorchainPunks, ROON, etc.



If you are new to the concept of NFTs, then you can refer to our Beginner’s Guide to NFTs .



How does a Swap transaction work in Thorchain?



Let’s assume that you want to swap 1 BTC with ETH. In other words, you are selling BTC and buying ETH. There would be three different transactions.



BTC is sent from your wallet to Thorchain Vault, ETH is sent from the Thorchain vault to your wallet, and RUNE in the ETH+RUNE liquidity pool is transferred to the BTC+RUNE liquidity pool.



How a Thorchain Transaction Works?



You can read more about Thorchain Swap transaction here .



Now on this transaction, the following cost will be incurred by the protocol:



Inbound transaction gas fee 



Gas fee for transfer of BTC from your wallet to Thorchain Vault. Gas fee would be paid in BTC. Let’s assume the gas fee to be $100.



Outbound transaction gas fee 



Gas fee for transfer of ETH from Thorchain Vault to ETH – Gas fee paid in ETH. Let’s assume the gas fee to be $100.



Slippage cost



Slippage is the cost of change in asset liquidity. You can read more about slippage here . Let’s assume the slippage fee to be $100.



The fee collected from you for this swap would be as follows:



Particulars Amount (Estimate) Inbound Gas Fee $100 3 Times Outbound Gas Fee $300 Slippage Fee $100 Total Fee $500



You can read more about the fee charged by Thorchain here .



Note: The above transaction cost is just an example to explain the mechanism. Depending on the network traffic, the actual gas cost may be high or low. 



What are the Components of Thorchain?



The main components of Thorchain are as follows:



1. Parties Involved



The three types of people involved in the Thorchain ecosystem are:



Traders Liquidity Providers Node Operators



Parties Involved in Thorchain



Traders



A Trader is a person who would use the platform for swapping crypto assets. For using the Thorchain swapping service, the trader would pay a Trading Fee which is the primary revenue source of the platform.



Liquidity Provider



These users deposit their assets in the Liquidity Pools and earn yield. This yield is paid by the protocol from the fee collected from the traders. 33% of the protocol’s revenue is distributed to Liquidity providers.



Node Operators



These are people who run nodes on the Thorchain known as Thornodes. Further, these operators also run a node on each supported chain such as Ethereum, Bitcoin, Terra Network, etc. 67% of the protocol’s revenue is distributed to Liquidity providers. Private Keys of assets help in the Liquidity Pools is kept with node operators in a decentralized manner. To successfully process a transaction, 2/3rd of nodes need to confirm it.



2. Thorchain Network Nodes



Thorchain Node Map



As already stated, Thorchain is a network built on computer nodes. These nodes are also known as Thornodes. The current number of active nodes is around 100, which is expected to be extended to 250 in the long run.



These node operators are responsible for an efficient transaction throughput of the network. All the Thornodes are anonymous and do not support public delegation.



Further, all the private keys are stored with these nodes in a decentralized manner. Any transaction would need the approval of atleast 2/3rd of the Nodes.



Thorchain network nodes must lock RUNE tokens into the protocol as collateral. The amount of RUNE tokens to be locked would be equivalent to the Total Value of assets locked on Thorchain.



Further, if any node operator misbehaves, then his share of collateral could be slashed. Thus, keeping the nodes in check.  



3. Thorchain Liquidity Pools



Thorchain Liquidity Pools



Liquidity Pools are the most important component of the Thorchain ecosystem as the whole ecosystem is built around these pools. 



These are dual asset pools in which one asset would always be RUNE which is the in-house token of the platform. In other words, if there is an ETH pool, then the pool would consist of ETH and RUNE in a 1:1 ratio of value. Similarly, if there is a BTC pool, then the pool would consist of BTC and RUNE in a 1:1 ratio of value.



As already mentioned, 33% of the platform’s revenue would be distributed to the Liquidity Providers of these pools.



While depositing funds into a liquidity pool, liquidity providers would only pay the normal gas fee (a.k.a. Inbound fee). However, the outbound fee is three times the average gas fee while withdrawing these assets.



Further, Thorchain also provides Impermanent Loss Protection to its Liquidity Providers. In case there is an Impermanent loss to a Liquidity Provider, then this loss is compensated by the protocol in the form of RUNE tokens. However, Impermanent loss protection is partial for the first 99 Days of providing liquidity. After that you kept complete protection.



You can learn more about Impermanent Loss with our Beginner’s Guide .



4. Thorchain Vaults



The total assets of the protocol, i.e., pool assets, nodes bonded assets, and other assets, are kept in two different types of vaults.



Inbound Vaults, a.k.a. Asgard TSS Vaults



These vaults hold most of the assets of the protocol. Any transaction through these vaults needs atleast to be approved by atleast 2/3rd of the nodes. Therefore, the transaction is super secure, but it’s also slow.



The second type of vault is called outbound vaults.



Outbound Vaults, a.k.a. Yggdrasil Vaults



These are the vaults handled by individual node operators. Any transaction from this vault only needs that respective node operator’s signature. Therefore, the transaction is faster, but it is less safe. From the security point of view, the value of assets in an Outbound Vault would never be more than 25% of the collateral provided by the node operator. This way node operator would not have any motivation to steal the funds.



You can read more about Thorchain Vaults here .



5. RUNE Token



RUNE is the in-house token of the Thorchain ecosystem, which also acts as its backbone.



Token Economy of RUNE 



Particulars Amount Maximum Supply ( Source ) 500 Million Total Supply 335 Million Circulating Supply 330.7 Million(66% of the Maximum Supply) Token Price (as of 13 May 2022) ($) $ 3.58 Market Cap ($) $ 1.18 Billion 24 Hour Trading Volume ($) $ 218 Million Total Value Locked ($) $ 225 Million



Initially, RUNE had a maximum supply of 1 Billion. However, in October 2019, this supply was reduced to 50%, i.e., to 500 Million. The initial supply of 1 Billion was minted, and later on, the part of tokens lying unused in Reserves was burnt to reduce the maximum supply. You can read more about RUNE token burn here ,



The total supply is 335 Million, and the circulating supply is 330.7 Million which is 66% of the maximum supply.



As of 13 May 2022, the token price is $3.58, which makes the market cap around $1.18 Billion. Further, the platform has a Total Value Locked (TVL) of $225 Million.



Token Distribution



Particulars %age No. of Tokens Seed 5% 25 Million  Initial DEX Offering (IDO) 16% 80 Million Developers 10% 50 Million Operational Reserve (Company) 13% 65 Million Community Reserve 12% 60 Million Nodes and LP Rewards (10+ Years) 44% 220 Million Total 500 Million



RUNE Token Distribution



Token Emission



The remaining RUNE tokens are expected to be emit till 2028 in the following manner.



RUNE Emission Schedule



Further, RUNE incentives would be distributed to Node Operators and Liquidity Providers something like this.



RUNE Emission Schedule



Use Cases of RUNE token



The use cases of RUNE tokens are as follows:



Fees charged by the traders are collected in RUNE. The RUNE holders govern Thorchain. ThorNodes need to bond RUNE tokens to validate a transaction. Each liquidity pool has a 50% share of RUNE tokens. This means that if you want to deposit ETH in the Thorchain liquidity pool, you need to deposit an equal amount of RUNE tokens.



In other words, RUNE provides a four-dimensional utility to the protocol:



Liquidity All the liquidity pools in the protocols have 50% RUNE in them. Security All the node operators need to bond RUNE Tokens as collateral. This collateral can be slashed upon any misbehavior from the node operator. Governance RUNE holders can participate in the governance of the protocol. Incentives Incentives to Liquidity providers, node operators, and traders are paid in RUNE.



Where can you buy RUNE Token?



You can buy RUNE tokens on the following crypto exchanges:



Centralized Exchanges Remarks Binance Available for all parts of the world except the US and sanctioned countries. US Residents should use Binance.US ByBit Not available in the US and Singapore. FTX Not available in the US MEXC Global Not available in the US



Decentralized Exchanges Remarks Binance DEX Gas fee will be charged in addition to the trading fee. Thorswap Gas fee will be charged in addition to the trading fee.



Where can you buy RUNE Token?



Wallets, where you can keep your RUNE tokens safely are as follows:



Type of Wallet Name of the Wallet Hardware Wallet Ledger Hardware Wallet Trezor Mobile Wallet Metamask Mobile Wallet Trust Wallet Browser Wallet XDEFI



For more information on Crypto wallets, you can refer our Crypto Wallet Guides as follows:



Crypto Wallets For Beginners: Best Crypto Wallets Guide Best Crypto Hardware Wallets Best Bitcoin Wallets Best Ethereum Wallets



Thorchain Network Statistics



Total Value Locked as of 30 April 2022



Thorchain Total Value Locked (TVL)



What is the Revenue Model of Thorchain?



Thorchain has the following sources of income and corresponding expenses:



Income Expenses Token Swap Fee Block Rewards (67% Nodes, 33% LPs) Thorname Registration Fee Impermanent Loss Protection Synth Minting Fee Synth Staking Yields Node Slashing Penalties Any other rewards Network fee for on-chain transactions



Roadmap of Thorchain



In the coming future, Thorchain will be working on features such as:



Market orders Limit Orders Leverage Trading P2P (Peer to Peer) Lending Staking More network integrations (including privacy and layer 2 chains) More DEX (Decentralised Exchanges) integrations Lending and Savings



Thus, aiming to build a complete decentralized alternative ecosystem to centralized exchanges. You can read more about Thorchain Roadmap here .



Now, let’s consolidate the pros and cons of the project.



Benefits and Limitations of Thorchain



What are the Benefits of Thorchain?



The various benefits of the Thorchain protocol are as follows:



Cross-chain ecosystem



Thorchain has substantially simplified the cross-chain operations. You can very easily swap one asset with another irrespective of whether the two assets pertain to a single blockchain network or not.



This would also give a boost to the cross-chain DeFi ecosystem.



Decentralized and Anonymous



The complete process of swapping funds on Thorchain is decentralized and non-custodial. Further, user identity remains completely anonymous as there is no need for KYC. Therefore, any Decentralised Exchange (DEX) that wants to offer cross-chain services can simply source liquidity from Thorchain. 



Bug Bounties



Thorchain has a Bug Bounty program where anyone who would help identify the possible vulnerability in the protocol would be rewarded. The maximum bounty is $500,000.



You can read more about Thorchain bug bounty here .



Security Audits



In the recent few months, Thorchain has been through several security audits. However, this was done after $8 Million were hacked and stolen from the protocol in July 2021. You can read more about the Thorchain Hack and Security Audit here .



Now, let’s see what the possible downsides of this project are.



What are the limitations of the Thorchain?



The various limitations of the Thorchain protocol are as follows:



High transaction fee



As described in the example above, Thorchain charges a high transaction fee.



However, currently, there is a proposal to change the structure of outbound fees, which could reduce the burden on Traders and Liquidity Providers. You can find the said proposal here .



Low Total Value Locked



Considering the cross-chain ecosystem offered by Thorchain, the current TVL of the platform is really low. The project would need to add more features and lower the transaction fee for better adoption of the platform.



Centralization



With 100 active node operators, the network is a bit centralized at the moment. This is more or less an issue with every project built with Cosmos SDK. Practically, increasing the number of nodes would increase the time taken per transaction, making the network inefficient. So, this might not change in the future as well.



Conclusion – Thorchain Fundamental Analysis



Thorchain is one of the most significant cross-chain liquidity projects in the market. Conceptually the protocol has a mote in the market, and not many projects provide complete interoperability across various blockchain networks.



Further, people’s belief in the centralized crypto ecosystem is shaking because it risks an individual’s investment. Therefore, in the future, DeFi will be a primary crypto market and thus, the need for these projects will be on the rise. 



Hence, RUNE is an excellent token to hold for the long term. Further, RUNE price movement is range-bound for a few months. Therefore, running a Grid Trading Bot could be a profitable avenue.



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