In a significant address on December 12, 2025, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Deputy Governor T. Rabi Sankar articulated the central bank’s nuanced perspective on the burgeoning digital currency landscape, drawing a distinct line between Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) and private stablecoins. Sankar emphasized the RBI’s ongoing concerns regarding privacy implications inherent in programmable CBDCs, yet paradoxically suggested that a well-designed CBDC could offer a safer alternative to the inherent risks associated with stablecoins, signaling a critical juncture in India’s digital currency strategy.

The Dual Challenge: Privacy and Stability

Deputy Governor Sankar’s comments underscored the delicate balance central banks globally are attempting to strike. On one hand, the allure of programmable money via CBDCs offers unprecedented control and efficiency in policy implementation, enabling targeted fiscal interventions and enhanced financial inclusion. However, this programmability raises red flags concerning individual privacy, as transactions could potentially be monitored and controlled by authorities. The RBI’s cautious approach reflects a global debate among policymakers wrestling with the societal implications of a fully digital, centralized currency.

Stablecoins: Perceived Risks and Regulatory Gaps

While acknowledging privacy concerns for CBDCs, Sankar was unequivocal about the RBI’s view on stablecoins. He reiterated the long-standing regulatory skepticism surrounding privately issued stablecoins, citing inherent risks to financial stability, consumer protection, and monetary sovereignty. The RBI, much like many other central banks, views stablecoins as potentially disruptive to the traditional financial system without adequate regulatory oversight and robust reserve backing. This stance aligns with global calls for comprehensive frameworks for stablecoin issuance and operation.

• Financial Stability: Concerns over potential runs and lack of transparent, liquid reserves.
• Monetary Sovereignty: Fear of stablecoins undermining national currencies and monetary policy effectiveness.
• Consumer Protection: Risks associated with fraud, market manipulation, and inadequate disclosure for users.
• Privacy Paradox: While private stablecoins might offer perceived anonymity, their underlying infrastructure and issuer practices can still pose privacy challenges.

The CBDC Advantage: A Controlled Environment

Despite the privacy conundrum, Sankar argued that a sovereign-backed CBDC, if implemented thoughtfully, could be inherently safer than stablecoins. This perceived safety stems from several factors:

• Central Bank Backing: A CBDC is a direct liability of the central bank, offering ultimate settlement finality and zero credit risk.
• Regulatory Control: The RBI would have direct oversight over its design, issuance, and operational parameters, allowing for mitigation of systemic risks.
• Designed for Resilience: CBDCs can be engineered with specific security and resilience features from the ground up, unlike many stablecoins operating on public blockchains.

The challenge, then, lies in designing a CBDC that maximizes these safety advantages while meticulously addressing privacy concerns through robust cryptographic techniques and legal frameworks that define access and usage parameters.

Looking Ahead: India’s Digital Rupee Journey

India has been actively piloting its digital rupee (e₹) for both wholesale and retail segments. Sankar’s comments provide further insight into the philosophical underpinnings guiding its development. The RBI appears to be charting a course that prioritizes financial system integrity and national control over a fully open, permissionless digital currency ecosystem. The ongoing pilot projects are crucial for understanding user behavior, technological robustness, and the practical challenges of balancing privacy with regulatory objectives, ultimately shaping the future of money in one of the world’s largest economies.

Conclusion

Deputy Governor T. Rabi Sankar’s latest remarks illuminate the RBI’s cautious yet determined approach to digital currencies. While acknowledging the significant privacy considerations associated with programmable CBDCs, the central bank maintains that a sovereign-issued digital currency, under stringent regulatory control, presents a more secure and stable financial instrument compared to the unregulated and often opaque world of private stablecoins. As India progresses with its digital rupee pilots, the challenge will be to innovate technical solutions and legal frameworks that uphold privacy while leveraging the benefits of a modern, efficient digital currency.

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